Разговорные слова и выражения
age also ages
долго, целую вечность
a long time
We waited an age/for ages.
- Мы ждали целую вечность.
It's been an age/ages since we met.
- Прошла уже целая вечность с тех пор, как мы познакомились.
aggravate злить,
раздражать
to make angry, esp. by continual annoyance
aggravating delays caused by heavy
traffic - раздражающие задержки из-за дорожных пробок
How aggravating! - Какая досада!
He's a very aggravating child.
- Он очень трудный ребенок.
what is something
in aid of? - для чего (здесь) этот/эта ...?
BrE what is something for?
"What's this little handle in
aid of?" - "It's for starting the machine" -
"Для чего здесь эта маленькая ручка?" - "Для включения
станка".
What's all this in aid of?
- К чему все это?
Look alive/lively!
Пошевеливайся!
Act fast! Work fast!
(not) all there
(не) все дома
(not) clever or healthy in the mind
I don't think he's quite all there.
- Сдается мне, у него не все дома.
He's very much all there. -
Он парень с головой.
How Evolution
Works
by Marshall
Brain
Question
1: How Does Evolution Add Information?
The theory of evolution explains how strands
(цепочки) of DNA change. An X-ray, cosmic ray, chemical reaction
or similar mechanism can modify a base pair in the DNA strand to
create a mutation, and this modification can lead to the
creation of a new protein or enzyme.
The theory of evolution further proposes
(кроме того утверждает) that billions of these mutations created
all of the life forms we see today. An initial (первоначальная)
self-replicating (самокопирующаяся) molecule spontaneously
formed. It evolved into single-cell organisms. These evolved into
multi-cell organisms, which evolved into vertebrates (позвоночные
[животные]) like fish, and so on. In the process, DNA structures
evolved from the asexual single-strand (одинарная молекулярная
цепочка) format found in bacteria today into the dual-strand
(двойная молекулярная цепочка) chromosomal format found in all higher
life forms. The number of chromosomes also proliferated (быстро
увеличилось). For example, fruit flies have five chromosomes, mice
have 20, humans have 23 and dogs have 39.
Evolution's mutation mechanism does
not explain how growth of a genome is possible. How can point
mutations create new chromosomes or lengthen (удлинять)
a strand of DNA? It is interesting to note (отметить) that,
in all of the selective breeding in dogs, there has been no change
to the basic dog genome. All breeds of dog can still mate
(спариваться) with one another. People have not seen any increase
in dog's DNA, but have simply selected different genes from the
existing dog gene pool to create the different breeds (породы).
One line of research (исследования)
in this area focuses on transposons, or transposable
(способные к перемещению) elements, also referred to as "jumping
genes." A transposon is a gene that is able (способен)
to move or copy itself from one chromosome to another. The book
"Molecular
Biology of the Cell" puts it this way:
Transposable elements have also contributed (способствовали)
to genome diversity (многообразие) in another way. When two
transposable elements that are recognized by the same site-specific
recombination enzyme (transposase) integrate into neighboring
(соседние) chromosomal sites (места), the DNA between them
can become subject to (подвержены) transposition (перенос,
перемещение) by the transposase. Because this provides a particularly
effective pathway (тропинка, дорожка) for the duplication
and movement of exons (exon shuffling (перемешивание)), these
elements can help create new genes.
Another area of research involves polyploidy.
Through the process of polyploidy, the total number of chromosomes
can double, or a single chromosome can duplicate itself. This process
is fairly common (распространен) in plants, and explains
why some plants can have as many as 100 chromosomes.
The amount (количество) of research
in this area is truly remarkable and is teaching scientists amazing
(удивительные) things about DNA. The following links give you a
taste of that research, and are interesting if you would like to
learn more about these topics:
<< Prev
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Table of Contents:
Introduction
to How Evolution Works
The
Basic Process of Evolution
How
Life Works: DNA and Enzymes
The
Simplest Example of Evolution
The
Speed of Mutations
Natural
Selection
Creating
a New Species
Holes
in the Theory
Question 1: How Does Evolution Add Information?
Question
2: How Can Evolution Be So Quick?
Question
3: Where Did the First Living Cell Come From?
The
Future of Evolution
Lots
More Information!
That's all, folks!
С наилучшими пожеланиями,
Any criticism or praise is welcome.
To be continued...
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