Алексей ВИНИДИКТОВ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК.
Пополняем словарный запас.
ВЫПУСК № 62
от 13 апреля 2003 г.

I. Разговорные слова и выражения

II. How Evolution Works

Разговорные слова и выражения

age also ages долго, целую вечность
a long time

We waited an age/for ages. - Мы ждали целую вечность.

It's been an age/ages since we met. - Прошла уже целая вечность с тех пор, как мы познакомились.

aggravate злить, раздражать
to make angry, esp. by continual annoyance

aggravating delays caused by heavy traffic - раздражающие задержки из-за дорожных пробок

How aggravating! - Какая досада!

He's a very aggravating child. - Он очень трудный ребенок.

what is something in aid of? - для чего (здесь) этот/эта ...?
BrE what is something for?

"What's this little handle in aid of?" - "It's for starting the machine" - "Для чего здесь эта маленькая ручка?" - "Для включения станка".

What's all this in aid of? - К чему все это?

Look alive/lively! Пошевеливайся!
Act fast! Work fast!

(not) all there (не) все дома
(not) clever or healthy in the mind

I don't think he's quite all there. - Сдается мне, у него не все дома.

He's very much all there. - Он парень с головой.

 

How Evolution Works

by Marshall Brain

Question 1: How Does Evolution Add Information?

The theory of evolution explains how strands (цепочки) of DNA change. An X-ray, cosmic ray, chemical reaction or similar mechanism can modify a base pair in the DNA strand to create a mutation, and this modification can lead to the creation of a new protein or enzyme.

The theory of evolution further proposes (кроме того утверждает) that billions of these mutations created all of the life forms we see today. An initial (первоначальная) self-replicating (самокопирующаяся) molecule spontaneously formed. It evolved into single-cell organisms. These evolved into multi-cell organisms, which evolved into vertebrates (позвоночные [животные]) like fish, and so on. In the process, DNA structures evolved from the asexual single-strand (одинарная молекулярная цепочка) format found in bacteria today into the dual-strand (двойная молекулярная цепочка) chromosomal format found in all higher life forms. The number of chromosomes also proliferated (быстро увеличилось). For example, fruit flies have five chromosomes, mice have 20, humans have 23 and dogs have 39.

Evolution's mutation mechanism does not explain how growth of a genome is possible. How can point mutations create new chromosomes or lengthen (удлинять) a strand of DNA? It is interesting to note (отметить) that, in all of the selective breeding in dogs, there has been no change to the basic dog genome. All breeds of dog can still mate (спариваться) with one another. People have not seen any increase in dog's DNA, but have simply selected different genes from the existing dog gene pool to create the different breeds (породы).

One line of research (исследования) in this area focuses on transposons, or transposable (способные к перемещению) elements, also referred to as "jumping genes." A transposon is a gene that is able (способен) to move or copy itself from one chromosome to another. The book "Molecular Biology of the Cell" puts it this way:

Transposable elements have also contributed (способствовали) to genome diversity (многообразие) in another way. When two transposable elements that are recognized by the same site-specific recombination enzyme (transposase) integrate into neighboring (соседние) chromosomal sites (места), the DNA between them can become subject to (подвержены) transposition (перенос, перемещение) by the transposase. Because this provides a particularly effective pathway (тропинка, дорожка) for the duplication and movement of exons (exon shuffling (перемешивание)), these elements can help create new genes.

Another area of research involves polyploidy. Through the process of polyploidy, the total number of chromosomes can double, or a single chromosome can duplicate itself. This process is fairly common (распространен) in plants, and explains why some plants can have as many as 100 chromosomes.

The amount (количество) of research in this area is truly remarkable and is teaching scientists amazing (удивительные) things about DNA. The following links give you a taste of that research, and are interesting if you would like to learn more about these topics:

<< Prev Page    Intro    Next Page >>

Table of Contents:
Introduction to How Evolution Works
The Basic Process of Evolution
How Life Works: DNA and Enzymes
The Simplest Example of Evolution
The Speed of Mutations
Natural Selection
Creating a New Species
Holes in the Theory
› Question 1: How Does Evolution Add Information?
Question 2: How Can Evolution Be So Quick?
Question 3: Where Did the First Living Cell Come From?
The Future of Evolution
Lots More Information!

 

That's all, folks!

 

С наилучшими пожеланиями,

Алексей Винидиктов.


Шрифт для транскрипции Transcription AV вы можете скачать отсюда: www.vinidiktov.com/transcriptionav.zip.

Шрифт для транскрипции PhoneticTM вы можете скачать отсюда: www.vinidiktov.ru/downloads/phontm.zip


http://www.vinidiktov.ru - словарный тренажер Open Book - обучающая программа для пополнения словарного запаса.

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http://www.vinidiktov.com/download.htm - здесь можно скачать последнюю англоязычную версию программы Open Book (эта версия для тех, у кого некорректно отображаются шрифты в русскоязычной версии)

http://www.vinidiktov.ru/vocabularies.htm - словари для программы Open Book.


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Any criticism or praise is welcome.

To be continued...