Разговорные слова и выражения
It's all right for
you/him (etc.) тебе-то/ему-то (и т.д.) хорошо
It's all right for you, but it's
not your car. - Тебе-то хорошо, это не твоя машина.
almighty огромный,
сильный, ужасный
very big, strong, great, etc.
He's an almighty bore. - Он
ужасный зануда.
I heard an almighty crash. -
Я услышал ужасный грохот.
ancient очень
старый
very old
I've got a very ancient car.
- У меня очень старая машина.
My grandparents are rather ancient. - У меня
очень старые бабушка и дедушка.
Be an angel and ...
Будь так добр ...
Could you ... Please, ...
Be an angel and fetch my spectacles.
- Будь добр, принеси, пожалуйста, мои очки.
He knows all the answers.
Он за словом в карман не полезет.
How
Evolution Works
Question 2: How Can Evolution Be So Quick?
Imagine that you create a very large cage and put a group of mice
into it. You let the mice live and breed (размножаться) in this
cage freely, without disturbance (беспокойство). If you were to
come back (если бы вы вернулись) after five years and look into
this cage, you would find mice. Five years of breeding would cause
((не) вызвали бы) no change in the mice in that cage -- they would
not evolve in any noticeable (заметный) way. You could leave the
cage alone for a hundred years and look in again and what you would
find in the cage is mice. After several hundred years, you would
look into the cage and find not 15 new species, but mice.
The point is that evolution in general is an extremely slow process.
When two mice breed, the offspring (потомок) is a mouse. When that
offspring breeds, its offspring is a mouse. When that offspring
breeds... And the process continues. Point mutations do not change
this fact in any significant way over the short haul.
Carl Sagan, in "The Dragons of Eden," put it this way:
The time scale
(масштаб, шкала) for evolutionary or genetic change is very long.
A characteristic period for the emergence (возникновение) of one
advanced (продвинутый, (более) развитый) species (вид) from another
is perhaps a hundred thousand years; and very often the difference
in behavior between closely related (бликородственные) species --
say, lions and tigers -- does not seem very great. An example of
recent evolution of organ systems in humans is our toes (пальцы
ног). The big toe plays an important function in balance while walking;
the other toes have much less obvious utility (полезность, практичность).
They are clearly evolved from fingerlike appendages (придатки) for
grasping (для хватания) and swinging (и качания), like those of
arboreal (живущие на деревьях) apes
and monkeys. This evolution constitutes (представляет собой)
a respecialization -- the adaptation of an organ system originally
evolved for one function to another and quite different function
-- which required (требовало) about ten million years to emerge
(чтобы появиться).
The fact that it takes evolution 100,000 or 10 million years to
make relatively (сравнительно) minor (небольшие) changes in existing
(существующие) structures shows just how slow evolution really is.
The creation of a new species is time consuming (требующая много
времени).
On the other hand (с другой стороны), we know that evolution can
move extremely quickly to create a new species. One example of the
speed of evolution involves the progress mammals (млекопитающие)
have made. You have probably heard that, about 65 million years
ago, all of the dinosaurs died out (вымерли) quite suddenly. One
theory for this massive extinction (вымирание) is an asteroid strike
(удар). For dinosaurs, the day of the asteroid strike was a bad
one, but for mammals it was a good day. The disappearance of the
dinosaurs cleared the playing field (букв. освободило игровое
поле) of most predators. Mammals began to thrive (процветать) and
differentiate.
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Home
Table of Contents:
Introduction
to How Evolution Works
The
Basic Process of Evolution
How
Life Works: DNA and Enzymes
The
Simplest Example of Evolution
The
Speed of Mutations
Natural
Selection
Creating
a New Species
Holes
in the Theory
Question
1: How Does Evolution Add Information?
Question 2: How Can Evolution Be So Quick?
Question
3: Where Did the First Living Cell Come From?
The
Future of Evolution
Lots
More Information!
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